Bayan Sabuwar Shekarar a cikin Shekarar Dragon, kamfanonin sabbin motocin makamashi na cikin gida sun riga sun "rufe."
Da farko, BYD ya kara farashin samfurin Qin PLUS/Destroyer 05 Honor Edition zuwa yuan 79,800;daga baya, Wuling, Changan da sauran kamfanonin motoci suma sun bi sahun wanda ke cike da kalubale.Baya ga rage farashin, BYD, Xpeng da sauran sabbin kamfanonin motocin makamashi suna zuba jari a kasuwannin ketare.Dangane da kasuwanni irin su Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya, za su mai da hankali kan binciken kasuwanni kamar Arewacin Amurka da Latin Amurka a wannan shekara.Fadada sabon makamashi a cikin teku ya zama yanayin girma cikin sauri.
Karkashin gasa mai zafi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kasuwar sabbin motocin makamashi ta duniya ta shiga wani mataki na ci gaban kasuwa daga matakin farko na manufofin.
Tare da shaharar sabbin motocin makamashi (EVs), kasuwar caji da ke cikin yanayin masana'anta ita ma ta haifar da sabbin damammaki.
A halin yanzu, mahimman abubuwa guda uku da ke shafar shaharar EVs sune: cikakken farashin mallaka (TCO), kewayon balaguro da ƙwarewar caji.Masana'antar ta yi imanin cewa layin farashin shahararren motar lantarki ya kai dalar Amurka 36,000, layin mil mil 291 ne, kuma iyakar lokacin caji shine rabin sa'a.
Tare da ci gaban fasaha da faɗuwar farashin batir, ƙimar mallakar gabaɗaya da kewayon sabbin EVs duka sun ƙi.A halin yanzu, farashin siyar da BEVs a Amurka ya fi 7% sama da matsakaicin farashin siyar da motoci.Dangane da bayanai daga EVadoption, kamfanin binciken motocin lantarki, matsakaicin yanayin nisan mil na BEVs (motocin lantarki masu tsabta) akan siyarwa a Amurka ya kai mil 302 a cikin 2023.
Babban cikas da ke hana shaharar EVs shine gibin da ke cikin kasuwar caji.
Sabanin rashin isassun tarin tulin caji, ƙarancin adadin caji mai sauri tsakanin tarin cajin jama'a, ƙarancin cajin mai amfani, da cajin kayan aikin da ke kasa ci gaba da haɓaka EVs suna ƙara yin fice.A cewar binciken McKinsey, "cajin tulun sun shahara kamar gidajen mai" ya zama babban abin da masu amfani da su suyi la'akari da siyan EVs.
10:1 shine manufa ta 2030 da Tarayyar Turai ta tsara don rabon abin hawa zuwa tara.Duk da haka, in ban da Netherlands, Koriya ta Kudu da China, yawan abin hawa zuwa-tari a sauran manyan kasuwannin EV a duniya ya fi wannan darajar, har ma yana nuna karuwa a kowace shekara.Dangane da bayanai daga Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Duniya, ana sa ran rabon abin hawa zuwa tara a manyan kasuwannin EV guda biyu na Amurka da Ostiraliya zai ci gaba da tashi.
Bugu da kari, rahoton ya nuna cewa, duk da cewa adadin cajin tulin caji a Netherlands da Koriya ta Kudu ya ci gaba da karuwa daidai da EVs, sun sadaukar da adadin cajin da sauri, wanda zai haifar da gibin caji cikin sauri kuma yana da wahala. cika buƙatun mai amfani don lokacin caji.
A farkon matakan haɓaka sabbin motocin makamashi, ƙasashe da yawa suna tsammanin haɓaka haɓakar kasuwar caji ta hanyar haɓaka shaharar EVs, amma hakan zai haifar da ƙarancin cajin saka hannun jari a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci.Matsakaicin saka hannun jari, kula da bin diddigin, haɓaka kayan aiki da sabunta software na tashoshin caji duk suna buƙatar ci gaba da saka hannun jari mai yawa.Rashin isasshen kulawar da aka ba su a farkon matakin, wanda ya haifar da rashin daidaituwa da rashin ci gaban kasuwar caji a halin yanzu.
A halin yanzu, cajin damuwa ya maye gurbin kewayo da batutuwan farashi a matsayin babban cikas ga yada EVs.Amma kuma yana nufin iyawa mara iyaka.
Bisa kididdigar da ta dace, nan da shekarar 2030, cinikin motocin lantarki a duniya zai wuce miliyan 70, kuma ikon mallakar zai kai miliyan 380.Ana sa ran adadin shigar mota na shekara-shekara zai kai kashi 60%.Daga cikin su, kasuwanni kamar Turai da Amurka suna haɓaka cikin sauri, kuma kasuwanni masu tasowa kamar kudu maso gabashin Asiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya suna buƙatar fashewa cikin gaggawa.Barkewar sabbin motocin makamashi a duniya ya samar da wata dama ta musamman ga masana'antar cajin kudi ta kasar Sin.
Xiaguang Think Tank, alamar sabis na tuntuba a ƙarƙashin ShineGlobal, bisa la'akari da bayanan masana'antu masu dacewa da binciken masu amfani, wanda ya fara daga sabuwar kasuwar motocin makamashi, ya gudanar da bincike mai zurfi game da halin ci gaban da ake ciki yanzu da kuma yanayin gaba na masana'antar caji a cikin manyan manyan ukun. kasuwannin Turai, Amurka, da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, da kuma haɗa shi da wakilan kamfanonin ketare a masana'antar caji.Binciken shari'a da fassarar, "Rahoton Bincike na Kasuwancin Kasuwanci na Ƙasashen waje" an fitar da shi bisa hukuma, yana fatan samun haske game da kasuwar caji daga hangen nesa na duniya da kuma ƙarfafa kamfanonin ketare a cikin masana'antu.
Canjin makamashi a fannin sufurin ƙasa na Turai yana da sauri kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan kasuwannin motocin makamashi mafi girma a duniya.
A halin yanzu, tallace-tallace na EV da rabo a Turai suna tashi.Adadin shigar da tallace-tallace na EV na Turai ya karu daga ƙasa da 3% a cikin 2018 zuwa 23% a cikin 2023, tare da saurin sauri.Hukumar kula da makamashi ta duniya ta yi hasashen cewa nan da shekara ta 2030, kashi 58% na motoci a Turai za su zama sabbin motocin makamashi, kuma adadin zai kai miliyan 56.
Dangane da manufar fitar da sifili da sifilin Carbon na EU, za a dakatar da siyar da motocin kone-kone na cikin gida gaba daya a shekarar 2035. Ana iya hasashen cewa masu sauraron sabbin motocin makamashi na Turai za su rikide daga masu daukar nauyi zuwa kasuwar jama'a.Matsayin ci gaban gaba ɗaya na EV yana da kyau kuma yana kaiwa ga juyar da kasuwa.
Ci gaban kasuwannin caji na Turai bai yi tafiya ba tare da shaharar EVs, kuma cajin har yanzu shine babban cikas ga maye gurbin mai da wutar lantarki.
Dangane da yawa, tallace-tallacen EV na Turai yana da fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na jimillar duniya, amma adadin cajin tulin ya kai ƙasa da kashi 18% na jimlar duniya.Yawan ci gaban caja a cikin EU tsawon shekaru, in ban da kasancewa a cikin 2022, ya yi ƙasa da ƙimar haɓakar EVs.A halin yanzu, akwai kusan 630,000 da ake samun tarin cajin jama'a (ma'anar AFIR) a cikin ƙasashe 27 na EU.Koyaya, don cimma burin rage iskar carbon 50% a cikin 2030, adadin cajin tulin yana buƙatar isa aƙalla miliyan 3.4 don saduwa da haɓakar buƙatar EVs.
Daga hangen nesa na rarraba yanki, ci gaban kasuwancin caji a cikin ƙasashen Turai bai yi daidai ba, kuma yawan adadin cajin tulin ya fi mayar da hankali ne a cikin ƙasashen majagaba na EV kamar Netherlands, Faransa, Jamus, da Burtaniya.Daga cikin su, Netherlands, Faransa da Jamus suna da kashi 60% na adadin kuɗin jama'a a cikin EU.
Bambancin ci gaba a cikin adadin cajin tulin kowane mutum a Turai ya fi fitowa fili.Dangane da yawan jama'a da yanki, yawan cajin tuli a cikin Netherlands ya zarce na sauran ƙasashen EU.Bugu da kari, ci gaban kasuwannin cajin kudi na yanki a cikin kasar ma bai daidaita ba, inda ake yin cajin kowane mutum a yankunan da yawan jama'a ya ragu.Wannan rarraba mara daidaituwa muhimmin abu ne mai hana shaharar EVs.
Duk da haka, gibin da ake samu a kasuwar caji zai kuma kawo damar ci gaba.
Da farko, masu amfani da Turai sun fi kulawa game da dacewar caji a cikin al'amuran da yawa.Saboda mazauna tsofaffin wuraren biranen Turai ba su da kafaffen wuraren ajiye motoci na cikin gida kuma ba su da yanayin shigar da caja na gida, masu amfani za su iya amfani da cajin jinkirin caji da dare kawai.Bincike ya nuna cewa rabin masu amfani da su a Italiya, Spain da Poland sun gwammace yin caji a tashoshin caji da wuraren aiki.Wannan yana nufin cewa masana'antun za su iya mai da hankali kan faɗaɗa yanayin caji, haɓaka dacewa da biyan bukatun mai amfani.
Abu na biyu, aikin da ake yi na cajin gaggawa na DC a yanzu a Turai yana da baya, kuma caji mai sauri da caji mai sauri zai zama ci gaban kasuwa.Bincike ya nuna cewa fiye da rabin masu amfani da su a yawancin ƙasashen Turai suna shirye su jira a cikin mintuna 40 kawai don cajin jama'a.Masu amfani a kasuwannin haɓaka kamar Spain, Poland da Italiya suna da ƙarancin haƙuri, tare da fiye da 40% na masu amfani suna fatan cajin zuwa 80% a cikin mintuna 20.Koyaya, masu yin caji tare da asalin kamfanin makamashi na gargajiya sun fi mayar da hankali kan gina rukunin AC.Akwai gibi a cikin caji mai sauri da kuma caji mai sauri, wanda zai zama abin da ya fi mayar da hankali ga gasa ga manyan masu aiki a nan gaba.
Gabaɗaya, lissafin EU game da cajin kayayyakin more rayuwa ya cika, dukkan ƙasashe suna ƙarfafa saka hannun jari a tashoshin caji, kuma babban tsarin manufofin kasuwa ya cika.Kasuwancin caji na Turai na yanzu yana haɓaka, tare da ɗaruruwan manya da ƙanana masu cajin cibiyar sadarwa (CPOs) da masu ba da sabis (MSPs).Koyaya, rabon su ya rabu sosai, kuma manyan CPOs goma suna da haɗin gwiwar kasuwar ƙasa da kashi 25%.
A nan gaba ana sa ran za a kara yawan masana'antun za su shiga gasar kuma ribar da suke samu za ta fara bayyana.Kamfanonin ketare na iya samun daidaitattun matsayinsu kuma su yi amfani da fa'idodin ƙwarewar su don cike gibin kasuwa.Koyaya, a lokaci guda, ƙalubale kuma suna tare da damammaki, kuma suna buƙatar mai da hankali kan kariyar ciniki da al'amurran da suka shafi yanki a Turai.
Tun daga 2022, haɓakar sabbin motocin makamashi a Amurka ya haɓaka, kuma ana sa ran adadin motocin zai kai miliyan 5 a cikin 2023. Duk da haka, gabaɗaya, miliyan 5 ke da ƙasa da kashi 1.8% na jimlar yawan motocin fasinja a ciki. Amurka, kuma ci gabanta na EV ya koma baya na Tarayyar Turai.da China.Dangane da manufar hanyar sifiri-carbon, yawan siyar da sabbin motocin makamashi a Amurka dole ne ya kai fiye da rabi nan da shekarar 2030, kuma adadin motocin a Amurka dole ne ya wuce miliyan 30, wanda ya kai kashi 12%.
Jinkirin ci gaba na EV ya haifar da gazawa a kasuwar caji.Ya zuwa karshen 2023, akwai tarin cajin jama'a 160,000 a Amurka, wanda yayi daidai da matsakaita na 3,000 kacal a kowace jiha.Matsakaicin adadin abin hawa zuwa tara ya kusan 30:1, wanda ya zarce matsakaicin matsakaicin EU na 13:1 da na China 7.3:1 na jama'a na caji-zuwa-caji.Domin biyan bukatar cajin mallakar EV a shekarar 2030, ana buƙatar haɓakar adadin cajin tulin kuɗi a Amurka ya ƙaru da fiye da sau uku a cikin shekaru bakwai masu zuwa, wato, za a ƙara matsakaita na aƙalla 50,000 na cajin tulin cajin kowace rana. shekara.Musamman, adadin tarin cajin DC yana buƙatar kusan ninki biyu.
Kasuwancin cajin Amurka yana gabatar da manyan matsaloli guda uku: rarraba kasuwa mara daidaituwa, rashin amincin caji, da rashin daidaiton haƙƙin caji.
Na farko, rarraba caji a duk faɗin Amurka ba daidai ba ne.Bambancin da ke tsakanin jihohin da suka fi yawa da kuma mafi karancin caji shine sau 4,000, kuma bambancin da ke tsakanin jihohin da suka fi yawa da mafi karancin cajin kowane mutum shine sau 15.Jihohin da suka fi yawan wuraren caji sune California, New York, Texas, Florida da Massachusetts.Massachusetts da New York ne kawai suka yi daidai da haɓakar EV.Ga kasuwar Amurka, inda tuƙi shine zaɓin da aka fi so don tafiye-tafiye mai nisa, ƙarancin rarraba caja yana iyakance haɓakar EVs.
Na biyu, gamsuwar masu amfani da cajin Amurka yana ci gaba da raguwa.Wani mai ba da rahoto na Washington Post ya kai ziyarar ba-zata zuwa 126 CCS tashoshi masu saurin caji (ba Tesla) a cikin Los Angeles a ƙarshen 2023. Mafi fitattun matsalolin da aka fuskanta sune ƙarancin ƙarancin caji, manyan batutuwan daidaita caji, da ƙarancin biyan kuɗi.Wani bincike na 2023 ya nuna cewa matsakaita na kashi 20% na masu amfani a Amurka sun ci karo da layukan caji ko lalacewar tulin caji.Masu amfani za su iya barin kai tsaye kawai su sami wata tashar caji.
Kwarewar cajin jama'a a Amurka har yanzu yana da nisa daga tsammanin masu amfani kuma yana iya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan kasuwanni waɗanda ke da mafi munin caji banda Faransa.Tare da shaharar EVs, sabani tsakanin haɓaka buƙatun mai amfani da cajin baya zai ƙara fitowa fili kawai.
Na uku, al'ummomin farar fata, masu arziki ba su da damar yin caji daidai da sauran al'ummomin.A halin yanzu, ci gaban EV a Amurka har yanzu yana kan matakin farko.Yin hukunci daga manyan samfuran tallace-tallace da sabbin samfura na 2024, manyan masu amfani da EV har yanzu sune masu arziki.Bayanai sun nuna cewa kashi 70% na cajin tulin suna cikin kananan hukumomi mafi arziki, kuma kashi 96% na cikin kananan hukumomin da fararen fata suka mamaye.Ko da yake gwamnati ta karkatar da EV da kuma biyan manufofi game da kananan kabilu, matalauta da yankunan karkara, sakamakon bai kasance mai mahimmanci ba tukuna.
Domin magance matsalar rashin isassun ababen more rayuwa na caji na EV, {asar Amirka ta yi nasarar gabatar da takardun kudi, tsare-tsaren saka hannun jari, da kuma kafa tallafin gwamnati a kowane mataki.
Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka da Ma'aikatar Sufuri tare sun fitar da "Ma'auni da Bukatun Kayan Kayan Wutar Lantarki na Ƙasar Amurka" a cikin Fabrairun 2023, suna saita mafi ƙarancin ƙa'idodi da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun software da kayan masarufi, ayyuka, ma'amaloli, da kula da tashoshin caji.Da zarar an cika ƙayyadaddun bayanai, tashoshin caji na iya cancanci samun tallafin kuɗi.A bisa wasu kudurorin da suka gabata, gwamnatin tarayya ta kafa wasu tsare-tsare na cajin zuba jari, wanda ake mikawa ma’aikatun tarayya don ware kasafin kudin ga gwamnatocin jihohi duk shekara, sannan ga kananan hukumomi.
A halin yanzu, kasuwar cajin Amurka har yanzu tana kan matakin haɓakawa, sabbin masu shigowa har yanzu suna bullowa, kuma har yanzu ba a samar da ingantaccen tsarin gasa ba.Kasuwar ayyukan cajin jama'a ta Amurka tana ba da halaye na kai-kai da dogon wutsiya: alkaluman AFDC sun nuna cewa ya zuwa watan Janairu 2024, akwai masu caji 44 a Amurka, kuma kashi 67% na tarin cajin na cikin manyan ukun. wuraren caji: ChargePoint, Tesla da Blink.Idan aka kwatanta da CPO, ma'aunin sauran CPO ya bambanta sosai.
Shigar da sarkar masana'antu ta kasar Sin cikin Amurka na iya magance matsalolin da dama da ake samu a kasuwar cajin Amurka ta yanzu.Amma kamar sabbin motocin makamashi, saboda kasadar geopolitical, da wuya kamfanonin kasar Sin su shiga kasuwannin Amurka, sai dai idan sun gina masana'antu a Amurka ko Mexico.
A kudu maso gabashin Asiya, kowane mutum uku ya mallaki babur.Masu kafa biyu na lantarki (E2W) sun mamaye kasuwa na dogon lokaci, amma har yanzu kasuwar kera motoci tana cikin ci gaba.
Inganta yaduwar sabbin motocin makamashi na nufin cewa dole ne kasuwar yankin kudu maso gabashin Asiya ta tsallake matakin yada motoci kai tsaye.A cikin 2023, kashi 70% na tallace-tallace na EV a kudu maso gabashin Asiya za su fito daga Thailand, wanda shine jagorar kasuwar EV a yankin.Ana tsammanin cimma maƙasudin ƙimar shigar da siyar da EV na 30% a cikin 2030, zama ƙasa ta farko bayan Singapore da ta shiga matakin balaga na EV.
Amma a halin yanzu, farashin EVs a kudu maso gabashin Asiya har yanzu ya fi na motocin mai.Ta yaya za mu sami mutanen da ba su da mota su zaɓi EVs lokacin da suka sayi mota a karon farko?Yadda ake haɓaka haɓakar EV da kasuwannin caji lokaci guda?Kalubalen da sabbin kamfanonin makamashi ke fuskanta a kudu maso gabashin Asiya sun fi na manyan kasuwanni.
Halayen kasuwar EV na ƙasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya sun bambanta sosai.Ana iya raba su zuwa nau'i uku gwargwadon girman kasuwar mota da farkon kasuwar EV.
Kashi na farko shine manyan kasuwannin motoci na Malaysia da Singapore, inda aka fi mayar da hankali kan ci gaban EV shine maye gurbin motocin mai, kuma silin sayar da EV a bayyane yake;Nau'i na biyu shine kasuwar motoci ta Thai, wacce ke cikin ƙarshen girma, tare da manyan tallace-tallace na EV da haɓaka cikin sauri, kuma ana tsammanin za su zama ƙasashe na farko ban da Singapore don shiga matakin balagagge na EV;Nau'i na uku shine farkon farawa da ƙananan kasuwanni na Indonesia, Vietnam da Philippines.Koyaya, saboda rabon alƙalumansu da haɓakar tattalin arziƙi, kasuwar EV na dogon lokaci tana da babbar dama.
Saboda matakan ci gaban EV daban-daban, ƙasashe kuma suna da bambance-bambance a cikin tsara manufofi da manufofin caji.
A shekarar 2021, Malaysia ta kafa burin gina tulin caji 10,000 nan da shekarar 2025. Ginin cajin na Malaysia ya rungumi dabarun gasar bude kasuwanni.Yayin da tulin caji ke ci gaba da ƙaruwa, ya zama dole a haɗa ƙa'idodin sabis na CPO kuma a kafa haɗe-haɗen dandalin tambaya don cajin cibiyoyin sadarwa.
Ya zuwa Janairu 2024, Malaysia tana da fiye da 2,000 na caji, tare da ƙimar cikar 20%, wanda DC ke yin caji da sauri na 20%.Yawancin waɗannan tulin cajin sun ta'allaka ne tare da mashigin Malacca, tare da Greater Kuala Lumpur da Selangor da ke kewaye da babban birnin kasar suna da kashi 60% na tarin cajin ƙasar.Kama da halin da ake ciki a wasu ƙasashen Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, ana rarraba cajin gine-gine ba daidai ba kuma yana mai da hankali sosai a cikin manyan biranen da ke da yawan jama'a.
Gwamnatin Indonesiya ta baiwa kamfanin PLN Guodian amana don gina kayayyakin caji, sannan PLN ta kuma fitar da maƙasudin yawan adadin caji da tashoshin canza baturi da aka ƙididdige su a cikin 2025 da 2030. Duk da haka, ci gaban gininsa ya ragu a baya da manufa da ci gaban EV, musamman a cikin 2023 Bayan haɓakar tallace-tallace na BEV a cikin 2016, ƙimar abin hawa zuwa tari ya karu sosai.Cajin kayayyakin more rayuwa na iya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan cikas ga ci gaban EVs a Indonesia.
Mallakar E4W da E2W a Tailandia kadan ne, BEVs ne suka mamaye shi.Rabin motocin fasinja na ƙasar da kashi 70% na BEVs an tattara su ne a Babban Bangkok, don haka cajin kayan aikin a halin yanzu yana cikin Bangkok da kewaye.Tun daga watan Satumba na 2023, Tailandia tana da tarin caji 8,702, tare da CPO sama da dozin guda.Sabili da haka, duk da karuwar tallace-tallace na EV, ƙimar abin hawa-zuwa-tari har yanzu ya kai matakin mai kyau na 10:1.
A zahiri, Tailandia tana da tsare-tsare masu ma'ana dangane da shimfidar wuri, girman DC, tsarin kasuwa, da ci gaban gini.Ginin cajinsa zai zama babban tallafi don yaɗa EVs.
Kasuwancin motoci na kudu maso gabashin Asiya yana da tushe mara kyau, kuma ci gaban EV yana kan matakin farko.Ko da yake ana sa ran babban ci gaba a cikin ƴan shekaru masu zuwa, yanayin siyasa da hasashen kasuwan mabukaci har yanzu ba a fayyace ba, kuma har yanzu da sauran rina a kaba kafin shaharar EVs na gaskiya.Dole mu tafi.
Ga kamfanoni na ketare, yankin da ya fi dacewa ya ta'allaka ne a musayar wutar lantarki ta E2W.
Halin ci gaban E2W a kudu maso gabashin Asiya yana inganta.Dangane da hasashen Bloomberg New Energy Finance's hasashen, kudu maso gabashin Asiya adadin shigar zai kai kashi 30% a cikin 2030, kafin motocin lantarki da ke shiga matakin balaga kasuwa.Idan aka kwatanta da EV, kudu maso gabashin Asiya yana da ingantaccen tushe na kasuwa na E2W da tushe na masana'antu, kuma haɓakar haɓakar E2W sun fi haske.
Hanyar da ta fi dacewa ga kamfanonin da ke zuwa ketare ita ce zama mai kaya maimakon gasa kai tsaye.
A cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata, da yawa E2W fara fara musayar wutar lantarki a Indonesia sun sami babban jari, gami da masu saka hannun jari masu asalin kasar Sin.A cikin kasuwar musayar wutar lantarki mai saurin girma da rarrabuwar kawuna, suna aiki a matsayin “masu siyar da ruwa”, tare da ƙarin haɗarin sarrafawa da haɓaka mafi girma.Karin bayani.Bugu da ƙari, maye gurbin wutar lantarki shine masana'antar kadari mai nauyi tare da dogon lokaci na dawo da farashi.A karkashin yanayin kariyar ciniki a duniya, makomar ba ta da tabbas kuma bai dace ba kai tsaye shiga cikin zuba jari da gine-gine.
Ƙaddamar da haɗin gwiwa tare da manyan kamfanoni na gida don kafa layin samar da baturi na OEM taron kayan aiki
Susie
Abubuwan da aka bayar na Sichuan Green Science & Technology Ltd.
sale09@cngreenscience.com
0086 19302815938
www.cngreenscience.com
Lokacin aikawa: Maris 13-2024
